Cardiology
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MI (myocardial Infarction)
Myocardial infarction, also known as heart attack is a condition when there is an imbalance between myocardial blood supply and oxygen requirement resulting in damage to the heart muscle.
Risk factors
- Hypercholesterolemia
- DM
- HTN
- Smoking
- Family history in a 1st-degree relative <55 yr old
- Men, age >55 yr
- Postmenopausal women
Symptoms
- Chest pain/ tightness
- Shortness of breath
- Excessive sweating
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Dizziness
- Syncope
Diagnosis
- ECG
- Chest Xray
- Electrolyte
- Echocardiography
Treatments
- Oxygen
- Aspirin
- Sublingual nitroglycerin
- Cardiac monitoring
- Continuous blood pressure monitoring and pulse oximetry
- Reperfusion therapy
Congenital Heart Desease
Congenital defects involving the walls of the heart, its valves, arteries, and/or veins potentially or actually resulting in hemodynamic effects.
Symptoms
- Shortness of breath
- Dizziness
- Fatigue
- Cyanosis
- Near-syncope
- Headache
- Exercise intolerance
Common Types
- Aortic valve stenosis
- Coarctation of aorta
- Ebstein’s anomaly
- Patent ductus arteriosus
- Pulmonary valve stenosis
- Septal defects (atrial septal defect & ventricular septal defect)
- Single ventricle defects
- Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
- Tricuspid atresia
- Tetralogy of fallot
Diagnosis
- ECG
- Chest Xray
- Complete blood count
- Cardiac CT
- Cardiac MRI
- Cardiac catheterization
Treatments
The majority of congenital heart disease problems are mild heart defects and don’t usually need to be treated. However, severe heart defects usually require open heart surgery or catheter intervention (where a thin hollow tube is inserted into the heart via an artery) and long-term monitoring of the heart throughout adult life by a cardiologist.
Surgery
- Aortic valve replacement
- Coronary artery bypass graft
- Heart transplant
Medications
- Digoxin
- Diuretics
- ACE inhibitors
- Beta blockers
- Anticoagulants
What you need to know about medical travel for the above conditions
- Discuss with your local treating physician
- Compile your medical documents (includes history, laboratory investigation and imaging results)
- Prepare necessary documents for travel in advance (i.e. passport)
- Arrange an appointment and visit our medical consultant